英国国家概况--教育

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As a developed nation that has limited natural resources, Britain greatly depends upon professionals and a skilled workforce. This makes it necessary for Britain to pay great attention to education and the development of science and technology. The literacy rate in British citizens is one of the highest in the world at over 99%. Britain is the second largest exporter of intellectual property rights, next only to the United States.

1 Primary and Secondary School

Compulsory education begins at the age of 5 when children begin to attend infants’ school. At the age of 7, they transfer to junior school or junior departments of primary schools. At the age of 11 they complete the primary education and then transfer to secondary schools. The the age of 16, prior to leaving secondary school, students are tested in various subjects to earn a General Certificate of Secondary Education (中等教育结业证书，简称GCSE). If they wish to go on to higher education at university, they will have to take Advanced Level examinations, commonly known as “A” level(中等教育高级水平测试结业证书)

2 Higher Education and University

Higher education in Britain is not compulsory and students have to pay tuition and fees. Britain has more than 90 universities and about one -sixth of the students are postgraduates. The ratio of staff to students is about one to nine, which is believed most favorable for higher education.

Colleges and universities provide necessary training for individuals wishing to enter professional careers. They also strive to develop students’ creativity and analytical skills by providing students with an intellectually stimulating environment, colleges and universities prepare students for future careers. They give students critical thinking and problem-solving skills.

Universities and colleges select their first-year students according to the students’ grades of examination performance. Some colleges admit a few students for special purposes, such as students with special skills or from families of eminent citizens who are usually generous donors.

Degrees titles are awarded after successful continuous work assessment and final examinations based on courses and credits. Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science is awarded after three years of full time study; Master of Arts or Master of Science after a further one year of full-time or two year of part-time study; Doctor of Philosophy after at least three years of original research.

There are some famous universities in Britain, such as:

University of Oxford---An autonomous university at Oxford, Oxford shire, England. Founded in the 12th century with initial faculties of theology, law, medicine, and the liberal arts, it is a cornerstone of British higher education. The venerable university has about 18,000 students, 39colleges, the celebrated Rhodes Scholarship, and the Oxford University Press. Oxford has been associated with many of the greatest names in British history.

University of Cambridge--- An autonomous institution of higher learning in Cambridge, England. Its beginnings lie in an exodus of scholars from the University of Oxford in 1209. Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include 31 constituent colleges and over 100 academic departments organized into six schools. Cambridge University Press, a department of the university, is the world’s oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world.