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英语非谓语动词也称非限定动词,在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式、动名词和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。
(一)动词不定式
动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“not to+动词原形”。不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。
1.动词不定式的基本用法
(1)作主语。不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语之后,用it作形式主语。
如:lt is right to give up smoking.
(2)作宾语。不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后,用it作形式宾语。
如:I find it interesting to study history.
有些动词后只能用动词不定式作宾语:如:decide, plan, desire, expect, hope, wish, pretend, promise, refuse, afford, agree, ask, fail, tend, manage等。
(3)作宾语补足语。
如:He asked me to do the work with him.
注意:在feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, have, make等词后的补足语中,不定式不带to。但这些句子如果变成被动结构时,就必须带to。
如:I often hear him cry.
He is often be heard to cry.
注意:动词不定式在介词but后面时,如果介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么,这些介词后的不定式不带to,否则要带to。另外,在can't choose but…和can't help but…等后面的不定式也省略to。
如:She could do nothing but cry.
I have no choice but to go.
(4)作定语。
①作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。
如:He is looking for a room to live in.
②当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可以用主动语态也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同。
如:There is nothing to do. 无事可做。(有“无聊感”)
There is nothing to be done. 不能做什么了。(即“束手无策”)
There is nothing to see. 没东西值得看。
There is nothing to be seen. 什么东西也看不见。
(5)作状语,表示原因、结果、条件或目的。
如:We were very excited to hear the news.(原因)
He hurried to the school to find nobody there.(结果)
To look at him, you would like him.= If you look at him, you will like him.(条件)
I came here to see you.(目的)
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