英语语法讲解之“独立主格”

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（四）结构特点

1、独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。

2、名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。

3、独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

（五）结构例解

1、名词或代词+现在分词

We will go for a picnic tomorrow, weather permitting.He being ill, we'd better go and see him.

2、名词或代词+过去分词

The work finished, she went home.We given more time, a better cake could have been made. 

3、名词（代词）+形容词或副词

He is lying in bed, his eyes wide open.He dead like a dog, everyone on the street showed no mercy on him.

4、名词或代词+不定式

Nobody to attend the meeting tomorrow, we will have to put it off.Enough people to help her, she is sure to win the game.

5、名词或代词+介词短语

The teacher came in, book in hand.He is talking on the phone, she in his arms. 

6、特殊的独立主格结构

1）There being +名词或代词

There being nothing else to do, we left the office early.

2）It being +名词或代词

It being Christmas, the local shops were open late into the night.

3）with引导的独立主格结构

当独立主格表伴随时，也可用with的复合结构，但其逻辑主语一般都是名词，很少会用代词。其形式为：with +名词+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语等。如：

He stood under the tree, with his mouth wide open. = He stood under the tree, his mouth wide open.The murder was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. = The murder was brought in, his hands tied behind his back.

（六）注意事项

在含有介词短语的独立主格结构使用中，需要注意的是：

1、当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数，但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。

His sister entered his room, doll in hand.

2、当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用过去分词，不及物动词用现在分词。这其实是由分词表示的动作与前面的逻辑主语之间的主动和被动关系决定。

She sat there, her hands clenched, her eyes looking straight up.